I have to agree about the EXIF information. When I received this photo, I was skeptical as I still am. However, I was told this photo was taken from a standard flip phone. I know from my own personal phone, no EXIF information is sent with my pictures either, so that must be left up in the air.
I spent years doing graphic design, and I have to truly say I do not see a crop line. There is one line around the hand that I saw initially, and believed it was a crop. However, after running the photo through different saturations and sharpening it, that line is without a doubt natural.
I will say the photo does appear to be painted in, as the colors don't blend well and clash in different areas. The face is defined, though. I do not believe that to be a mask, but drawn in if it is manipulated.