The ORB the dreaded and feared ORB
So, this is a subject which which has been covered several times or at least touched on in various forums on here. But I just want to create a formal discussion on the subject and perhaps some explanations, descriptions, and possible assistance in minimizing them.
You've seen them I'm sure, those dreaded white or off-color spots in digital (or non-digital) photographs which are often misinterpreted as paranormal orbs. They happen quite often indoors and outdoors alike. They range from one big dot, to multiple large dots, and even to multiple dots of various sizes.
So lets cover this in various parts. First lets discuss what causes them. Simply these are objects which are being illuminated by a direct and bright light at an angle which directly bounces the light back into the lens. These objects are often out of focus because of their distance from the lens and so they appear as big translucent dots even though they are mostly very tiny almost invisible dots. And finally sometimes we don't even see the dot itself, but rather the lens flare created by the reflection off the dot. This in turn compounds the difficulty in determining the cause of the problem.
So now that we know what they are, how about we next look at what causes them or makes them happen worse? Here are a few factors which can increase the chance of seeing these spots:
1) Flash being in very close proximity to the lens.
2) Digital Camera
3) Camera uses a wide angle lens, or closes the aperture (size of the hole the light passes through when taking the picture) to limit the light.
4) Darker background, or night photography which increases the contrast.
5) Cheaper camera with cheaper optics or a cheaper digital element.
So, if we look at these factors it starts to become a bit more obvious why we see so many of these. Because with the advent of affordable digital cameras many of these items are in perfect alignment to create beautiful "Orbs". It wasn't until more individuals started to be able to afford portable cameras that more and more of these appeared. And most all of these affordable cameras (digital or not) have every single one of these factors.
Almost always the automatic flash is directly above the lens area. The flash if very bright, and the cameras usually have automatic aperture mode which closes the aperture as needed. And the orb pictures are normally taken at night which amplifies the effect even more.
This is not a fly-by-night explanation but rather one that is recognized and accepted by photographers (paranormal and not) world round. As a matter of fact its something which has been put into many of the FAQ (Frequently Asked Question) pages of the top consumer electronics companies who sell digital cameras. With the exception that they call them spots not orbs. Orbs is simply a term used by most of us in the paranormal realm.
Now that we know what they are, what causes them, and what makes them worse perhaps its time to discuss how to minimize them. Since they are particles you can never really totally remove them, but you can certainly reduce the conditions which cause them to show up.
The number one thing you can do to help reduce them is to stop using the built in flash on your camera. If your camera allows for an external flash, then purchase one and enable it. Place the flash a few feet to the left, right, top or bottom of the camera and facing at an angle not exactly parallel with the aim of the camera. This will cause the reflection to aim at some angle other than directly into the camera.
Or if your camera allows for timed exposures, then do not use a flash at all. But rather use a tripod and some extended time exposures. That will certainly remove those types of effects.
Next, if that is not possible you can reduce (not remove) the effect by putting your camera into Aperture mode and increasing the aperture to the lowest possible setting. Also by adding a little bit of "Zoom" to the camera. The wider the angle the more exposed it will be to that flash effect. But again keep in mind that these two means will only reduce but not remove the effect.
You can try to find some way to divert the flash to an alternate angle, but chances are that you will only serve to create additional reflections or even worsen the problem.
And finally the other solution is to simply be aware of the problem and know that dots will likely need to be ignored since they will always appear when the conditions come into play.